What are the factors that affect the low temperature performance of lithium ion batteries?

What are the factors that affect the low temperature performance of lithium ion batteries?

The lithium ion battery is mainly composed of a cathode electrode material, a anode electrode material, a separator, and battery electrolyte. Lithium-ion batteries in a low temperature environment are characterized by a drop in discharge voltage platform, low discharge capacity, fast capacity decay, and poor rate performance. The main factors that restrict the low temperature performance of lithium ion batteries are the following:

1. Cathode electrode structure

The three-dimensional structure of the cathode electrode material restricts the diffusion rate of lithium ions, and the effect is especially obvious at low temperatures. The cathode materials of lithium ion batteries include commercial lithium iron phosphate, nickel cobalt manganese materials, lithium manganate, lithium cobalt oxide, etc., and also include high voltage cathode materials such as lithium nickel manganese oxide and lithium iron manganese phosphate in the development stage. , lithium vanadium phosphate and the like.

2. High melting point solvent

Due to the presence of a high melting point solvent in the electrolyte mixed solvent, the viscosity of the lithium ion battery electrolyte increases in a low temperature environment, and when the temperature is too low, the electrolyte solidification phenomenon occurs, resulting in a decrease in the transport rate of lithium ions in the electrolyte.

3. Lithium ion diffusion rate 

The diffusion rate of lithium ions in the graphite anode is lowered in a low temperature environment. The charge-migration resistance of lithium-ion batteries increases under low temperature environment, which leads to the decrease of lithium ion diffusion rate in graphite anodes, which is an important reason for the low-temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries.

4. SEI film

In the low temperature environment, the SEI film of the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery is thickened, and the increase of the SEI film impedance leads to a decrease in the conduction rate of lithium ions in the SEI film. Finally, the lithium ion battery is charged and discharged in a low temperature environment to form a polarization to reduce the charge and discharge efficiency.

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